Polymyalgia rheumatica: from epidemiology to treatment and follow up
E.N. OTTEVA, A.B. OSTROVSKIY
Institute of Advanced Training of health care professionals, 9 Krasnodarskaya St., Khabarovsk, Russian Federation, 680009
Otteva E.N. — D. Med. Sc., Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine, tel. +7-914-541-77-70, e-mail: elvott@mail.ru
Ostrovskiy A.B. — D. Med. Sc., Head of the Department of Internal Medicine, tel. (4212) 39 14 47, e-mail:elvott@mail.ru
The article presents actual data concerning epidemiology, clinical picture, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica (PR). Specific laboratory tests are not applied. Diagnosis is made clinically but thorough differential diagnosis is required. In 2012 there was published the classification criteria of the disease. The article provides the calculation of the activity index of PR, approaches to its treatment. Standard therapy still offers corticosteroids. Revelation of new pathogenetic aspects led to the use of biological therapy. Tocilizumab was effective in the dose of 8 mg kg of weight.
Key words: polymyalgia rheumatica, classification criteria, activity index of PR, glucocorticoids, tocilizumab.
REFERENCES
- Bunchuk N.V. Revmaticheskie zabolevaniya pozhilykh [Rheumatic diseases of the elderly]. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2010. 270 p.
- Brian F. Mandell Polymyalgia rheumatica: Clinical presentation is key to diagnosis and treatment. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 2004, vol. 71, no. 6, r. 489.
- Salvarani C., Macchioni L., Boiardi L. Polymyalgia rheumatica. Lancet, 1997, vol. 350, rr. 43-47.
- Spiera R.F., Spiera H. Inflammatory diseases in older adults: polymyalgia rheumatica. Geriatrics, 2004, vol. 59(11), rr. 39-43.
- Crowson C.S., Matteson E.L., Myasoedova E. The lifetime risk of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis and other inflamatory autoimmunerheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum, 2011, vol. 63, rr. 633-639.
- Doran M.F., Crowson C.S. et all. Trends in the incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica over a 30 year period in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA. J Rheumatol, 2002, vol. 29, rr. 1694-1697.
- Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Vazquez-Rodrigez TR et al. Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheum, 2009, vol. 61, rr. 1454-1461.
- Gran J.T., Myklebust G. The incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the county of Aust Agder, south Norway: a prospective study 1987-94. J Rheumatol, 1997, vol. 24, rr. 1739-1743.
- Smeeth L., Cook C., Hall A. Incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in United Kingdom, 1998-2001. Ann Rheum Dis, 2006, vol. 65, rr. 1093-1098.
- Salvarani C., Macchioni P.L., Zizzi F. et al. Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in northern Italy. Arthritis Rheum, 1991, vol. 34, rr. 351-356.
- Gonzalez-Gay M.A, Garcia-Porrua C., Vazquez-Caruncho M. The spectrum of polymyalgia rheumatica in northwestern Spain: incidence and analysis of variables associated with relaps in 10 year study. J Rheumatol, 1999, vol. 26, rr. 1326-1332.
- Pamuk O.N., Donmez S., Karahan B. et al. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica innorthwestern Turkey: Clinical features and epidemiological data. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2009, vol. 27, rr. 830-833.
- Klinicheskie rekomendatsii: Revmatologiya, pod red. E.L. Nasonova [Clinical guidelines: Rheumatology. Ed. by E.L. Nasonov]. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2006. 288 p.
- Hamrin B. Polymyalgia arteritica. Acta Med Scand, 1972, vol. 533, rr. 1-13.
- Perfetto F., Moggi-Pignon A., Becucci A. et al. Seasonal pattern in tge onset of polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis, 2005, vol. 64, rr. 1662-1663.
- Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Garcia-Porrua C., Llorca J. et al. Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis: trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients. Medicine (Baltimore), 2000, vol. 79, rr. 283-292.
- Gravanis M.B. Giant cell arteritis and Takayasu aortitis: morphologic, pathogenetic and etiologic factors. Int. J. Cardiol, 2000, vol. 75, suppl. 1, rr. 21-33.
- Reviron D., Foutrier C., Guis S. et al. DRB1 alleles in polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis in southern France. Eur J Immunogenet, 2001, vol. 28, rr. 83-87.
- Narvaez J., Clavaguera M.T., Nolla-Sole J.M. et al. Lack of association between infection and onset of polymyalgia rheumatica. J. Rheumatol, 2000, vol. 27, rr. 953-957.
- Weyand C.M., Goronzy J.J. Arterial wall injury in giant cell arteritis. Arth Rheum, 1999, vol. 42, pp. 844-53.
- Roche N.E., Fulbright J.W., Wagner A.D. et al. Correlation of interleukin-6 production and disease activity in Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum, 1993, vol. 36, rr. 1286-1294.
- Straub R.H., Gluc T, Cutolo M et al. The adrenal steroid status in relation to inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor) in polymyalgia rheumatica. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2000, vol. 39, rr. 624-631.
- Straub R.H., Cutolo M. Further evidence for insufficient hypothalamic-pituitary-glandular axes in of polymyalgia rheumatica. J. Rheumatol, 2006, vol. 33, rr. 1219-1233.
- Tsigos C., Papanicolaou D.A., Defensor R. et al. Dose effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on pituitary hormone secretion and energy expenditure. Neuroendocrinology, 1997, vol. 66, rr. 54-62.
- Cutolo M., Montecucco C.M., Cavagna L. et al Serum cytokines and steroidal hormones in polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2006, vol. 65, rr. 1438-1443.
- Bird H.A. European diagnostic criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis, 2001, vol. 60, suppl. 1, rr. 1060-1063.
- Nasonov E.L., Baranov A.A., Shilkina N.P. Vaskulity i vaskulopatii [Vasculitis and vasculopathy]. Yaroslavl: Verkhnyaya Volga, 1999. 614 p.
- Brian F. Mandell Polymyalgia rheumatica: Clinical presentation is key to diagnosis and treatment. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 2004, vol. 71, no. 6, rr. 489.
- Salvarani C., Macchioni L., Boiardi L.Polymyalgia rheumatica. Lancet, 2008, vol. 372, rr. 234-245.
- Evans J.M., Hunder G.G. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 2000, vol. 26, rr. 493-515.
- Salvarani C., Cantini F., Boiardi L. et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med, 2002, vol. 347, rr. 261-271.
- Nordborg E., Nordborg C., Bengtsson B.A. Giant cell arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992, vol. 4, rr. 23-30.
- Salvarini C., Cantini F., Olivieri F., Hunder G. Polymyalgia rheumatica: a disorder of extraarticular synovial structures? J. Rheumatol, 1999, vol. 26, rr. 518-521.
- Salvarini C., Cantini F., Olivieri F. et al. Proximal bursitis in active polymyalgia. Ann Intern Med, 1997, vol. 127, rr. 27-31.
- Salvarini C., Cantini F., Olivieri F. et al. Shoulder ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica: a case control study. J Rheumatol, 2001, vol. 28, rr. 1049-1055.
- Brooks R.C., McGee S.R. Diagnostic dilemmas in polymyalgia rheumatica. Arch Intern Med, 1997, vol. 157, rr. 162-168.
- Dasgupta B., Cimmino Marco A, Hilal Maradit-Kremers et al. 2012 provisional criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology collaboration initiative. Ann Rheum Dis, 2012, vol. 71, rr. 484-492.
- Salvarini C., Cantini F., Olivieri F. et al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the evaluation of disease activity and severity in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective follow-up study. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2000, vol. 30, rr. 17-24.
- Jones J.G., Hazleman B.L. ESR in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis [Letter]. Ann Rheum Dis, 1983, vol. 42, rr. 702-703.
- Salvarani C., Hunder G.G. Giant cell arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: frequency of occurrence in a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum, 2001, vol. 45, rr. 140-145.
- Leeb B.F., Bird H.A. A disease activity score for polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis, 2004, Oct, vol. 63(10), rr. 1279-1283.
- Leeb B.F., Rintelen D. et al. The Polymyalgia Rheumatica Activity Score in Daily Use: Proposal for a Definition of Remission. Arthritis Rheum, 2007, vol. 5(57), rr. 810-815.
- Weyand C.M., Fulbright J.W., Evans J.M. et al. Corticosteroid requirements in polymyalgia rheumatica. Arch Intern Med, 1999, vol. 159, rr. 577-584.
- Tanaz A. Kermani, Kenneth Warrington Polymyalgia rheumatica rheumatica. Lancet, 2013, vol. 381, rr. 63-72.
- Van der Veen M.J., Dinant H.J., van Booma-Frankfort C. et al. Can methotrexate be used as a steroid sparing agent in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis? Ann Rheum Dis, 1996, vol. 55, rr. 218-223.
- Salvarani C., Macchoni P.L., Manzini C. et al. Infliximab plus prednisone for initial treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica: a randomized trial. Ann Int Med, 2007, vol. 146, pp. 631-639.
- Seton M. Giant cell arteritis in patient taking etanercept and metotrexate. J. Rheum, 2004, vol. 31, pp. 1467-1468.
- Bhatia A., Ell P.J., Edwards J.C.W. Anti-CD20monoclonal antibody (rituximab) as an adjunct in the treatment of giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2005, vol. 64, rr. 1099-1100.
- Hagihara K. Tocilizumab ameliorates clinical symptoms in polymyalgia rheumatica. J. Rheumatol, 2010, vol. 37(5), rr. 1075-1076.