pm mfvt1
    • Main page
      • About journal
      • Articles. Working with contents
      • Editor-in-chief
      • Editorial Council
      • Editorial Board


      • For authors
      • Standards for formatting information
      • Reviewing
      • Politics editorial board
      • Ethics of journal publications


      • For advertisers
      • Subscription
      • About the Publishing House
      • Contact us
  • Modern data on vitamin D — metabolism, role in the organism, and features of application in a doctor’s practice

    Редактор | 2020, Editorial, Practical medicine part 18 №4. 2020 | 28 сентября, 2020

    Honored Researcher of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan, corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences,

    MD., Professor

    S.V. MALTSEV

    About 1 billion people all over the world suffer deficit or lack of vitamin D. This statistics is stunning and alarming, as vitamin D is necessary for humans’ health. Actually, a large number of experimental, clinical and epidemiological data link the low levels of vitamin D with a number of negative consequences for health, such as deaths of all causes, cardiovascular diseases, bone density decreasing, risk of fractures, metabolic syndrome, malignant neoplasms, autoimmune states, and infections. Today, the role of vitamin D — hormonal system in various links of metabolism is well studied, as well as the features of vitamin D preparations for correcting its insufficiency and deficit.

    Key words: vitamin D, metabolism, deficit, correction.

    REFERENCES

    1. Williams C.J.B. Of the use and administration of cod liver oil in pulmonary consumptions. London Journal of Medicine, 1849, Jan, vol. 1 (1), pp. 1–18.
    2. DeLuca H.F. Vitamin D: the vitamin and the hormone. Fed. Proc, 1974, vol. 33, pp. 2211–2219.
    3. Holick M.F., Garabedian M., De Luca H.F. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: metabolite of vitamin D3 active on bone in anephric rats. Science, 1972, vol. 176, pp. 1146–1147.
    4. Bikle D.D. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chem Biol, 2014, vol. 21, pp. 319–329. DOI:10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016
    5. Hossein-nezhad A., Holick M.F. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc, 2013, vol. 88, pp. 720–755. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011
    6. Zhang Y., Leung D.Y.M., Richers B.N., Liu Y., Remigio L.K., Riches D.W. et al. Vitamin D inhibits monocyte / macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine production by targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1. J Immunol, 2012, vol. 188, pp. 2127–2135. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1102412
    7. Allison Clark, Núria Mach. Role of Vitamin D in the Hygiene Hypothesis: The Interplay between Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptors, Gut Microbiota, and Immune Response Front. Immunol, 2016, Dec, available at:| https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00627
    8. Glenville Jones Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 2010, vol. 39 (2), pp. 447–472).
    9. Anderson J.L. American Journal of Cardiology, 2010, Oct., vol. 106 (7), pp. 963–968.
    10. Subba Reddy Vanga et al. American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016. 04.04.2010.
    11. Kienreich K., Grübler M., Tomaschitz A., Schmid J., Verheyen N., Rutters F., Dekker J.M., Pilz S. Vitamin D, arterial hypertension & cerebrovascular disease. Indian J Med Res, 2013, vol. 137, pp. 669–679.
    12. Tai K., Need A.G., Horowitz M., Shapman I.M. Nutrition, 2008, vol. 24 (3), pp. 279–285.
    13. Spyridon N. Karras, Carol L. Wagner, V. Daniel Castracans. Understanding vitamin D metabolism in pregnancy: from physiology to pathophysiology and clinical outcomes. Metabolism, 2018, Sep, vol. 86, pp. 112–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.001
    14. Liu N.Q., Hewison M. Vitamin D, the placenta and pregnancy. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2012, vol. 523, pp. 37-47.
    15. Regina Wierzejska, Mirosław Jarosz, Włodzimierz Sawicki, Michał Bachanek, Magdalena Siuba-Strzelińska. Vitamin D Concentration in Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood by Season. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2017, Sep 26, vol. 14 (10), pp. 1121. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101121
    16. Regina Wierzejska, Mirosław Jarosz, Magdalena Klemińska-Nowak. Maternal and Cord Blood Vitamin D Status and Anthropometric Measurements in Term Newborns at Birth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018, vol. 9, p. 9. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00009
    17. Mal’tsev S.V., Mansurova G.Sh., Zakirova A.M., Mal’tseva L.I., Vasil’eva E.N. The role of vitamin D in the mother-placenta-fetus system. Prakticheskaya meditsina, 2016, 1 (93), pp. 26–31 (in Russ.).
    18. Bodnar L.M. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007, vol. 92, pp. 3517–3522.
    19. Christopher J. Robinson, Mark C. Alanis, Carol L. Wagner, Bruce W. Hollis, Donna D. Johnson. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early-onset severe preeclampsia. American Journal of Obst and Gynec, 2010, vol. 203, pp. 366.e1–366.e6.
    20. Kebashni Thandrayen, John M. Pettifor. Endocrinology and Metabolism. Clinics of North America, 2010, June, vol. 39 (2), pp. 303–320).
    21. Amy Orciari Herman. Vitamin D Supplementation of Moms Linked to Better Outcomes for Newborns. NEJM Journal Watch, 2018, May 30.
    22. Pettifor J.M. Vitamin D & or calcium deficiency rickets in infants & children: a global perspective. Indian J Med Res, 2008, Mar, vol. 127 (3), pp. 245–9.
    23. Neil R. Brett, Paula Lavery, Sherry Agellon. Vitamin D Status and Immune Health Outcomes in a Cross-Sectional Study and a Randomized Trial of Healthy Young Children. Nutrients, 2018, Jun, vol. 10 (6), p. 680. DOI: 10.3390/nu10060680
    24. William B. Grant, Henry Lahore, Sharon L. McDonnell. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19. Infections and Deaths Nutrients, 2020, b Apr, vol. 12 (4), p. 988. DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988
    25. Wendy Dankers, Nadine Davelaar, Jan Piet van Hamburg. Human Memory Th17 Cell Populations Change Into Anti-inflammatory Cells with Regulatory Capacity Upon Exposure to Active Vitamin D Front. Immunol, 2019, July 17, available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01504
    26. Martin Hewison. Vitamin D and immune function: an overview. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2012, Febr, vol. 71 (1), pp. 50–61.
    27. Farhan Cyprian, Eleftheria Lefkou, KaterinaVaroudi. Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Pregnancy and Beyond Front. Immunol, 2019, Nov. 22, available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02739
    28. Bianca Schröder-Heurich, Clara Juliane Pacifica Springer. Vitamin D Effects on the Immune System from Periconception through Pregnancy Nutrients, 2020, vol. 12 (5), p. 1432, available at : https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051432
    29. Arboleda J.F., Urcuqui-Inchima S. Vitamin D-Regulated MicroRNAs: Are They Protective Factors against Dengue Virus Infection? Adv. Virol, 2016, 2016, 1016840.
    30. Villamor E., Villar L.A., Lozano A., Herrera V.M., Herran O.F. Vitamin D serostatus and dengue fever progression to dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Epidemiol. Infect, 2017, vol. 145, pp. 2961–2970.
    31. Fan H.Z., Zhang R., Tian T., Zhong Y.L., Wu M.P., Xie C.N., Yang J.J., Huang P., Yu R.B., Zhang Y. et al. CYP24A1 genetic variants in the vitamin D metabolic pathway are involved in the outcomes of hepatitis C virus infection among high-risk Chinese population. Int. J. Infect. Dis, 2019, vol. 84, pp. 80–88.
    32. Hu Y.C., Wang W.W., Jiang W.Y., Li C.Q., Guo J.C., Xun Y.H. Low vitamin D levels areas sociated withhigh viral loads in patients with chronic hepatitis B: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol, 2019, vol. 19, p. 84.
    33. Brice D.C., Toth Z., Diamond G. LL-37 disrupts the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus envelope and inhibits infection in oral epithelial cells. Antivir. Res, 2018, vol. 158, pp. 25–33.
    34. Alvarez N., Aguilar-Jimenez W., Rugeles M.T. The Potential Protective Role of Vitamin D Supplementation on HIV-1 Infection. Front. Immunol, 2019, vol. 10, pp. 2291.
    35. Michael E Selsted & Andre J Ouellette. Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response. Nature Immunology, 2005, vol. 6, pp. 551–557.
    36. Kroner J. de C., Sommer A., Fabri M. Vitamin D every day to keep the infection away? Nutrients, 2015, vol. 7 (6), pp. 4170–4188.
    37. Zakharova I.N., Klimov L.Ya., Kas’yanova A.N., Yagupova A.V., Kur’yaninova V.A., Dolbnya S.V. et al. The role of antimicrobial peptides and vitamin D in the formation of anti-infectious protection. Pediatriya. Zhurnal im. G.N. Speranskogo, 2017, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 171–179 (in Russ.).
    38. Nipith Charoenngam, Arash Shirvani, Tyler Kalajian, Michael F. Holick. The Effect of Various Doses of Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Gut Microbiota in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Dose-response. Study Anticancer research, 2020, vol. 40 (1), pp. 551–556. DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13984
    39. Mansi Kanhere, Jiabei He, Benoit Chassaing, Thomas R. Ziegler, Jessica A. Alvarez. Bolus Weekly Vitamin D3 Supplementation Impacts Gut and Airway Microbiota in Adults With Cystic Fibrosis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2018, Feb, vol. 103 (2), pp. 564–574, available at: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01983
    40. Tabatabaeizadeh S.A., Tafazoli N., Ferns G.A., Avan A., Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Vitamin D, the gut microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease. J Res Med Sci, 2018, vol. 23, p. 75.
    41. Goodall E.C., Granados A.C., Luinstra K., Pullenayegum E., Coleman B.L., Loeb M., Smieja M. Vitamin D3 and gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis, 2014, May.
    42. Zyuzeva N.A., Vakhlova I.V. Health status and vitamin D supply in young children. Vestnik Ural’skoy meditsinskoy akademicheskoy nauki, 2017, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 200–208 (in Russ.).
    43. Sabetta J.R., De Petrillo P., Cipriani R.J., Smardin J., Burns L.A., Landry M.L. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS One, 2010, vol. 5 (6), p. e11088. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011088
    44. Bergman P., Norlin A., Hansen S., Rekha R.S., Agerberth B., Björkhem-Bergman L. et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with frequent respiratory tract infections: a randomised and double-blind intervention study. BMJ Open, 2012, Dec. 13, vol. 2(6), p. e001663. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001663
    45. Martineau A.R., Jolliffe D.A., Hooper R.L., Greenberg L., Aloia J.F., Bergman P. et al. Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Acute Respiratory Tract Infections: Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis of Individual Participant Data. BMJ, 2017, vol. 356, p. i6583. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i6583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.021
    46. Gombart A.F., Borregaard N., Koeffler H.P. Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J, 2005, vol. 19, pp. 1067–1077.
    47. Holick M.F. Vitamin D and brain health: the need for vitamin D supplementation and sensible sun exposure. Journal of Internal Medicine, 2015, vol. 277 (1), pp. 90–93.
    48. Kaluev A.V., Eremin K.O. Mekhanizmy neyroprotektornogo deystviya vitamina D3 [Mechanisms of the neuroprotective action of vitamin D3]. 2004.
    49. Leonid Shinchuk and Michael F. Holick Vitamin D and Rehabilitation: Improving Functional Outcomes. Nutr Clin Pract, 2007, vol. 22, p. 297.
    50. Mal’tsev S.V., Mansurova G.Sh. Vitamin B: a new time, a new look. Pediatriya im. G.N. Speranskogo, 2020, no. 5, pp. 195–200 (in Russ.).
    51. Roger Bouillon, Frans Schuit, Leen Antonio. Vitamin D Binding Protein: A Historic Overview Front. Endocrinol, 2020, Jan. 10.
    52. Francis L. Weng, Justine Shults, Mary B. Leonard, Virginia A. Stallings, Babette S. Zemel. Risk factors for low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007, vol. 86 (1), pp. 150–158, available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.1.150
    53. Kohlmeier M.A. Voidance of vitamin D deficiency to slow the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, 2020; 2020-000096. DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000096
    54. Suneil Malik, Lei Fu, David James Juras, Mohamed Karmali, Betty Y.L. Wong, Agnes Gozdzik. Common variants of the vitamin D binding protein gene and adverse health outcomes. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2013, vol. 50 (1), pp. 1–22, available at: https://doi.org/10.3109/10408363.2012.750262
    55. Daniel D. Bikle, Sophie Patzek, Yongmei Wang. Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: Case report and review. Bone Rep, 2018, Jun, vol. 8, pp. 255–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.02.004
    56. Jeremy Anderson, Lien Anh Ha Do, ZhengQuan Toh, Edwin Hoe, Andrea Reitsma, Kim Mulholland, Paul V. Licciardi. Vitamin D Induces Differential Effects on Inflammatory Responses During Bacterial and/or Viral Stimulation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Front. Immunol, 2020, Apr., available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00602
    57. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu. Vitamin D — smena paradigmy [Vitamin D is a paradigm shift]. Moscow: TORUSPRESS, 2015. 464 p.
    58. Shaima Sirajudeen,Iltaf Shah, Asma Al Menhali. A Narrative Role of Vitamin D and Its Receptor: With Current Evidence on the Gastric Tissues. Int J Mol Sci, 2019, Aug, vol. 20 (15), p. 3832. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153832
    59. Takada I., Makishima M. Therapeutic application of vitamin D receptor ligands: an updated patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat, 2015, vol. 25 (12), pp. 1373–1383. DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1093113
    60. Daniel Bikle. Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, and Mechanisms of Action / Feingold K.R., Anawalt B., Boyce A. et al., editors. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; August 11, 2017.
    61. Camille E. Powe, Michele K. Evans, Julia Wenger et al. Vitamin D–Binding Protein and Vitamin D Status of Black Americans and White Americans. N Engl J Med, 2013, vol. 369, pp. 1991–2000.
    62. Holick M.F. Vitamin D- deficiency. N Engl J Med, 2007, vol. 357 (3), pp. 266–281.
    63. Zakharova. I.N., Mal’tsev S.V., Borovik T.E. Vitamin D deficiency in young children in Russia (results of a multicenter study — winter 2013–2014). Pediatriya im. G.N. Speranskogo, 2014, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 75–80 (in Russ.).
    64. Jeremy Anderson, Lien Anh Ha Do, Zheng Quan Toh, Edwin Hoe1, Andrea Reitsma1, Kim Mulholland, Paul V. Licciardi. Vitamin D Induces Differential Effects on Inflammatory Responses During Bacterial and/or Viral Stimulation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front. Immunol, 2020, April 07, available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00602
    65. Natsional’naya programma «Nedostatochnost’ vitamina D u detey i podrostkov v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: sovremennye podkhody k korrektsii» [National program «Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents in the Russian Federation: modern approaches to correction»]. Moscow: Pediatr», 2018. 96 p.
    66. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Zakharova I.N., Malyavskaya S.I., Egorova E.Yu., Limanova O.A., Semenov V.A. Vitamin D deficiency and comorbid conditions in children 7–16 years old: data mining. Kachestvennaya klinicheskaya praktika, 2017, no. 4, pp. 58–67 (in Russ.), available at: https://doi.org/ 10.24411/2588-0519-2017-00031
    67. Omar M. Al Nozha. Vitamin D and extra-skeletal health: causality or consequence. Int J Health Sci (Qassim), 2016, Jul, vol. 10 (3), pp. 443–452.
    68. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Defitsit vitamina D: diagnostika, lechenie i profilaktika [Clinical guidelines. Vitamin D deficiency: diagnosis, treatment and prevention]. Moscow, 2014.
    69. Ojeda A, Cuñat T, Calvo A. Diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency in patients admitted in ICU with COVID 19 disease. J Biomed Res Rev, 2020, vol. 3 (2), pp. 1–4.
    70. Grober U., Kisters K. Influence of drugs on vitamin D and calcium metabolism. Dermatoendocrinol, 2012, vol. 4, pp. 158–166.
    71. William B. Grant Variations in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Countries from the Middle East and Europe: The Roles of UVB Exposure and Diet Nutrients, 2019, vol. 11 (9), p. 2065, available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092065
    72. Mal’tsev S.V., Arkhipova N.N., Shakirova E.M. Vitamin D, kal’tsiy i fosfaty u zdorovykh detey i pri patologii [Vitamin D, calcium and phosphates in healthy children and in pathology]. Kazan, 2012. 120 p.
    73. Schwartz J.B., Lai J., Lizaola B., Kane L., Markova S., Weyland P., Terrault N.A., Stotland N., Bikle D. A Comparison of Measured and Calculated Free 25(OH) Vitamin D Levels in Clinical Populations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2014, May 1, vol. 99 (5), pp. 1631–1637, available at: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-3874
    74. Oleg Tsuprykov, Xin Chen, Carl-Friedrich Hocher et al. Why should we measure free 25(OH) vitamin D? The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2018, June, vol. 180, pp. 87–104, available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.11.014
    75. Thambiah S.C., Wong T.H., Gupta E.D., Radhakrishnan A.K., Gun S.C., Chembalingam G., Lai L.C., Yeap S.S. Calculation of free and bioavailable vitamin D and its association with bone mineral density in Malaysian women Malays. J Pathol, 2018, Dec, vol. 40 (3), pp. 287–294.
    76. Rusińska A., Płudowski P., Walczak M. Vitamin D Supplementation Guidelines for General Population and Groups at Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency in Poland-Recommendations of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Expert Panel With Participation of National Specialist Consultants and Representatives of Scientific Societies-2018 Update. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2018, vol. 9, pp. 246.
    77. Orwoll E., Nielson C.M., Marshall L.M. et al. Vitamin D deficiency in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009, vol. 94, pp. 1214–1222.
    78. Neil Binkley, Rekha Ramamurthy. Low vitamin D status: definition, prevalence, consequences, and correction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2010, Jun, vol. 39 (2), p. 287.
    79. Romuald Mentaverri, Jean-Claude Souberbielle, Gilles Brami, Christelle Daniel, Patrice Fardellone. Pharmacokinetics of a New Pharmaceutical Form of Vitamin D3 100,000 IU in Soft Capsule Nutrients, 2019, Mar, vol. 11 (3), p. 703. DOI: 10.3390/nu11030703
    80. Carlberg C., Haq A. The concept of the personal vitamin D response index. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2016, vol. 11, pp. 1–6.
    81. Mal’tsev S.V., Zakirova A.M., Mansurova G.Sh. Vitamin D provision for young children from the group of medical and social risk. Prakticheskaya meditsina, 2016, vol. 8, no. 100, pp. 29–37 (in Russ.).
    82. Karin Amrein, Mario Scherkl1, Magdalena Hoffmann. Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition January, 2020, available at: /https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y
    83. Mezhdunarodnoe agentstvo po issledovaniyu raka. Rukovodstvo IARC po profilaktike raka. Tom. 5: solntsezashchitnye kremy [International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Guidelines for Cancer Prevention. Tom. 5: sunscreens]. Lion, Frantsiya: Vsemirnaya Organizatsiya Zdravookhraneniya, 2001.
    84. Baggerly C.A., Cuomo R.E., French C.B. Sunlight and Vitamin D: Necessary for Public Health. J Am Coll Nutr, 2015, vol. 34 (4), pp. 359–365. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866.
    85. Zakharova I.N., Klimov L.Ya., Dolbnya S.V., Kur’yaninova V.A., Mal’tsev S.V., Malyavskaya S.I., Yagupova A.V., Tsutsaeva A.N., Solov’eva E.A., Golysheva E.V., Dyatlova A.A., Al’khimidi A.A., Kipkeev Sh.O. Prolonged intake of cholecalciferol is the basis for effective prevention of hypovitaminosis D at an early age. Meditsinskiy Sovet, 2020, no. 10, pp. 16–26 (in Russ.), available at: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2020-10-16-26
    86. Vitamin D. Wiki.com.Rata from Grassroots Health, 2013, June, available at: https://ls.gd/GDR2013
    87. Marcinowska-Suchowierska E., Kupisz-Urbańska M., Łukaszkiewicz J., Płudowski P., Jones G. Vitamin D Toxicity-A Clinical Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018, vol. 9, p. 550. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00550
    88. Lim K., Thadhani R. Vitamin D Toxicity. Braz. J. Nephrol., 2020, Apr./June, vol. 42 (2), available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2019-0192
    89. Lokesh Kumar Sharma, Deep Dutta, Neera Sharma, Adesh Kisanji Gadpayle. The increasing problem of subclinical and overt hypervitaminosis D in India: An institutional experience and review Nutrition, 2017, Feb, vol. 34, pp. 76–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.09.014
    90. Lim K., Thadhani R. Vitamin D Toxicity. Braz. J. Nephrol., 2020, Apr./June, vol. 42 (2), available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2019-0192
    91. Parvaiz A. Koul, Sheikh Hilal Ahmad, Feroze Ahmad, Rafi A. Jan, S.U. Shah, Umar H. Khan. Vitamin D Toxicity in Adults: A Case Series from an Area with Endemic Hypovitaminosis D. Oman Med J, 2011, May, vol. 26 (3), pp. 201–204. DOI: 10.5001/omj.2011.49
    92. Thomas, Liji. Vitamin D Overdose. News-Medical, 2020, 13 August, available at: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Vitamin-D-Overdose.aspx
    93. Taylor & Francis. Sunlight and vitamin D: Necessary for public health. Science Daily, 2015, 6 August, available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150806112424.htm
    94. Trudy Hedges — Sun safety: what are the health messages? The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 2008, vol. 128 (4), pp. 164–169.
    95. Calvo M.S., Whiting S.J., Barton C.N. Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004, vol. 80, pp. 1710S–1716S.
    96. Allen L. New approaches for designing and evaluating food fortification programs. J Nutr, 2006, vol. 136, pp. 1055–1058.

    Метки: 2020, correction, deficit, metabolism, Practical medicine part 18 №4. 2020, S.V. MALTSEV, vitamin D

    ‹ Visual object agnosia and novel landmarks agnosia in patients with acute supratentorial stroke Parameters for assessment of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in bronchoscopy ›
    • rus Версия на русском языке


      usa English version site


      Find loupe

      

    • PARTNERS

      пов  logonew
    «Для
    Practical medicine. Scientific and practical reviewed medical journal
    All rights reserved ©