E.A. MOROZOVA, M.V. BELOUSOVA, E.G. GOMSINA, M.A. UTKUZOVA

 Kazan State Medical Academy — Branch Campus of the FSBEI FPE RMACPE MOH Russia, Kazan

 Contact details:

Morozova E.A. — MD, Head of the Department of Pediatric Neurology

Address: 11 Mushtari St., Kazan, Russian Federation, 420061, tel.: +7 (843) 273-49-09, e-mail: kaz.dnevr@mail.ru

The article discusses the up-to-date international studies demonstrating the intestinal microbiota and brain interrelation, as well as the possible influence of the «intestinal microbiota — intestine — brain» system on the nervous system development in children and formation of their cognitive and behavorial functions. Nutritional approaches in the correction of emotional, behavioral and cognitive symptoms in children with ADHD, autism and other mental development disorders are reviewed. The importance of a healthy intestinal microbial composition is emphasized, especially in early childhood, during the period of intensive nervous system development, active processes of myelination in the central nervous system conduction tracts, neurons differentiation, and morphological maturation of the cortical representation of motor and sensory analyzers.

The influence of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics on the nervous system state and a child’s mental functions is discussed.

Key words: nutritional science, intestinal microbiota, cognitive function, ADHD, autistic spectrum disorder.

REFERENCES

1. Koren E.V., Kupriyanova T.A. Giperkineticheskie rasstroystva (SDVG), 2015 [Hyperkinetic disorders (ADHD), 2015], available at: https://minzdrav.gov-murman.ru/documents/poryadki-okazaniya-meditsinskoy-pomoshchi/2245.pdf
2. Faraone S.V., Biederman J. Neurobiology of attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 1998, vol. 44 (10), pp. 951–958. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00240-6
3. Morozova E.A. Long-term consequences of perinatal brain pathology. Detskaya bol’nitsa, 2011, no. 3, pp. 43–49 (in Russ.).
4. https://minzdrav.gov-murman.ru/documents/poryadki-okazaniya-meditsinskoy-pomoshchi/2245.pdf
5. Bäumler A.J., Sperandio V. Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut. Nature, 2016, vol. 535, pp. 85–93.
6. Mohajeri M.H., La Fata G., Steinert R.E., Weber P. Relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function. Nutr. Rev, 2018, vol. 76, pp. 481–496.
7. Dinan T.G., Cryan J.F. The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease. Gastroentero. Clin. N. Am, 2017, vol. 46, pp. 77–89. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2805 16 of 25.
8. Cotillard, A., ANR Micro Obes consortium, Kennedy S.P., Kong L.C., Prifti E., Pons N., Le Chatelier E., Almeida M., Quinquis B., Levenez F. et al. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature, 2013, vol. 500, pp. 585–588.
9. Stower H. Depression linked to the microbiome. Nat. Med, 2019, vol. 25, pp. 358.
10. Gerhardt S., Mohajeri M.H. Changes of Colonic Bacterial Composition in Parkinson’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients, 2018, vol. 10, p. 708.
11. Dickerson F., Severance E., Yolken R. The microbiome, immunity, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain Behav. Immun, 2017, vol. 62, pp. 46–52.
12. Srikantha P., Mohajeri M.H. The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci, 2019, vol. 20, p. 2115.
13. Borre Y.E., O’Keefe G.W., Clarke G., Stanton C., Dinan T.G., Cryan J.F. Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: Implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol. Med, 2014, vol. 20, pp. 509–518.
14. Galley J.D., Bailey M.T. Impact of stressor exposure on the interplay between commensal microbiota and host inflammation. Gut Microbes, 2014, vol. 5, pp. 390–396.
15. Barrett E., Ross R.P., O’Toole P.W., Fitzgerald G.F., Stanton C. Aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine. J. Appl. Microbiol, 2012, vol. 113, pp. 411–417.
16. Edden R.A.E., Crocetti D., Zhu H., Gilbert D.L., Mostofsky S.H. Reduced GABA concentration in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2012, vol. 69, pp. 750–753.
17. Barrett E., Kerr C., Murphy K., O’Sullivan O., Ryan C.A., Dempsey E.M., Murphy B.P., O’Toole P.W., Cotter P.D., Fitzgerald G.F. et al. The individual-specific and diverse nature of the preterm infant microbiota. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2013, vol. 98, pp. F334–F340.
18. Park S., Kim B.N., Kim J.W., Shin M.S., Yoo H.J., Cho S.C. Protective effect of breastfeeding with regard to children’s behavioral and cognitive problems. Nutr. J, 2014, vol. 13, p. 111.
19. Stadler D.D., Musser E.D., Holton K.F., Shannon J., Nigg J.T. Recalled Initiation and Duration of Maternal Breastfeeding Among Children with and Without ADHD in a Well Characterized Case-Control Sample. J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol, 2016, vol. 44, pp. 347–355.
20. Richardson A., Puri B. The potential role of fatty acids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids, 2000, vol. 63, pp. 79–87.
21. Macfarlane S., Macfarlane G.T. Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production. Proc. Nutr. Soc, 2003, vol. 62, pp. 67–72.
22. Bercik P., Denou E., Collins J., Jackson W., Lu J., Jury J., Deng Y., Blennerhassett P., Macri J., McCoy K.D. et al. The Intestinal Microbiota Affect Central Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor and Behavior in Mice. Gastroenterology, 2011, vol. 141, pp. 599–609. e3.
23. Nikolaeva S.V., Usenko D.V., Shushakova E.K., Savvateeva O.A., Gorelov A.V. The value of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for children. RMZh, 2020, no. 2, pp. 28–32 (in Russ.), available at: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/pediatriya/Znachenie_omega-3_polinenasyschennyh_ghirnyh_kislot_dlya_detey/
24. Robertson R.C., Oriach C.S., Murphy K., Moloney G.M., Cryan J.F., Dinan T.G., Ross R.P., Stanton C. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids critically regulate behaviour and gut microbiota development in adolescence and adulthood. Brain Behav. Immun, 2017, vol. 59, pp. 21–37.
25. Crippa A., Agostoni C., Mauri M., Molteni M., Nobile M. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are Associated With Behavior But Not With Cognition in Children With and Without ADHD: An Italian study. J. Atten. Disord, 2018, vol. 22, pp. 971–983.
26. Parletta N., Niyonsenga T., Duff J. Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Correlations with Symptoms in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Controls. PLoS One, 2016 May 27, vol. 11 (5), p. e0156432. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156432
27. Chang J.P., Su K.P., Mondelli V., Pariante C.M. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Youths with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials and Biological Studies. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018, vol. 43, pp. 534–545.
28. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Egorova E.Yu. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive development of children. Voprosy sovremennoy pediatrii, 2011, vol. 1, pp. 66–72 (in Russ.).
29. Anand P., Sachdeva A. Effect of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids Administration on Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Diagn. Res, 2016, vol. 10, pp. OC01–OC05.
30. Watson H., Mitra S., Croden F.C., Taylor M., Wood H.M., Perry S.L., Spencer J.A., Quirke P., Toogood G.J., Lawton C.L. et al. A randomised trial of the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements on the human intestinal. Gut, 2018, vol. 67, pp. 1974–1983.
31. Ilag L.L. Are Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids the Link between the Immune System and the Microbiome towards Modulating Cancer? Medicines, 2018, vol. 5, pp. 102.
32. Reid G., Hammond J.A. Probiotics. Some evidence of their e_ectiveness. Can. Fam. Physician, 2005, vol. 51, pp. 1487–1493.
33. Reid G., Younes J.A., Van der Mei H.C., Gloor G.B., Knight R., Busscher H.J. Microbiota restoration: Natural and supplemented recovery of human microbial communities. Nat. Rev. Microbiol, 2011, vol. 9, pp. 27–38.
34. Savignac H.M., Kiely B., Dinan T.G., Cryan J.F. Bifidobacteria exert strain-specific effects on stress-related behavior and physiology in BALB/c mice. Neurogastroenterol. Motil, 2014, vol. 26, pp. 1615–1627.
35. Yarullina D.R., Fakhrullin R.F. Bakterii roda Lactobacillus: obshchaya kharakteristika i metody raboty s nimi: uchebno-metodicheskoe posobie [Bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus: general characteristics and methods of working with them: teaching aid]. Kazan: Kazanskiy universitet, 2014. 51 p.