S.E. MUNASIPOVA¹, Z.A. ZALYALOVA², D.M. KHASANOVA³

Kazan State Medical University, Kazan

Republic Clinical and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum Therapy of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan

 Contact details:

Munasipova S.E. — PhD (medicine), Assistant Lecturer of the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation

Address: 49 Butlerov St., Russian Federation, Kazan, 420012, tel.: +7-960-045-53-01, e-mail: sabina.munasipova@mail.ru

Tourette’s syndrome, the most common cause of tics, manifests itself in a wide range of motor and behavioral disorders and is found in men about three times more often than in women.

The purpose — to establish the comorbidity of neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with tic hyperkinesis.

Material and methods. The study included 111 patients with tic hyperkinesis of various ages and sex, who were outpatiently observed at the Clinical and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum Therapy of the Republic of Tatarstan from 2011 to 2014.

Results and conclusions. In the group of patients we studied, tics were more common in males (in 71.6% of cases), and patients with Tourette’s syndrome were numerically predominant, taking into account the visits to the Clinical and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum Therapy of the Republic of Tatarstan. Clinical manifestations of obsessive-compulsive disorders were found not only in patients with Tourette’s syndrome, but they are characteristic of 53.2% of patients with tic hyperkinesis of various severity and phenomenology. Also, regardless of the structural and phenomenological characteristics of tic hyperkinesis, they were almost always associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with a predominance of hyperactivity.

Key words: Tourette’s syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, motor tics, vocal tics.

REFERENCES

1. Bogdanov E.I. Ekstrapiramidnye giperkinezy: metodicheskoe posobie [Extrapyramidal hyperkinesis: a methodological guide]. Kazan, 2002. Pp. 29–31.
2. Golubev V.L. Giperkineticheskie sindromy. Kliniko-fiziologicheskiy analiz: dis. … dokt. med. nauk [Hyperkinetic syndromes. Clinical and physiological analysis. Dis. Dr med. sciences]. Moscow, 1983. 420 p.
3. Shtul’man D.R., Levin O.S. Tiki [Tiki]. Spravochnik prakticheskogo vracha po nevrologii. Moscow, 1999. Pp. 250–254
4. Jancovic J. Tics and Tourette’s syndrome. In: Tolosa E., Coller W.C., Gershanik O.S. (Eds). Differential Diagnosis and treatment of movement disorders. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998. Pp.–99-107.
5. Munasipova S.E. Tikoznye giperkinezy: klinicheskaya, laboratorno-neyrovizual’naya geterogennost’: dis…. kand. med. nauk [Tic hyperkinesis: clinical, laboratory neuroimaging heterogeneity. Dis. PhD med. sciences]. Moscow, 2015. 24 p.
6. Khalifa, N., von Knorring A.L. Prevalence of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome in a Swedish school population. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2003, vol. 45, pp. 315–319.
7. Bradley L., Schlaggar R., Jonathan W., Mink W. Movement Disorders in Children. Pediatrics in Review, 2003, vol. 24 (2), pp. 39–51.
8. Shavitt R.G., Hounie A.G., Rosário Campos M.C., Miguel E.C. Tourette’s Syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am, Jun, 2006, vol. 29 (2), rr. 471–486.
9. Berardelli A., Curra A., Fabbrini G., Gilio F., Manfredi M. Patophysiology of tics and Tourette syndrome. J Neurology, 2003, vol. 250, pp. 781–787.
10. Schrag A., Gilbert R., Giovannoni G., Robertson M.M., Metcalfe C., Ben-Shlomo Y. Streptococcal infection, Tourette syndrome, and OCD. Neurology, 2009, pp. 1256–1263.
11. Mason A., Banerjee S., Eapen V., Zeitlin H., Robertson M.M. The prevalence of Tourette syndrome in a mainstream school population. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 1998, vol. 40 (5), rr. 292–296.
12. Anonymous: Definitions and classification of tic disorders. The Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group. Arch Neurol, 1993, vol. 50, pp. 1013–1016.
13. Levin O.S. Tikoznye giperkinezy: rukovodstvo po lecheniyu i diagnostike [Tic hyperkinesis: a guide to treatment and diagnosis]. Moscow, 2002. Pp. 313–325, 327–355.
14. Rampello L., Alvano A., Battaglia G., Valeria B., Rocco R., Francesco N. Tic disorders: from pathophysiology to treatment. J Neurol, 2006, vol. 253, rr. 1–15.
15. Jankovich, J. Tourette’s syndrome. N Eng J Med, 2001, vol. 345 (16), pp. 1184–1192.
16. Neuner I., Kupriyanova N.R., Stöcker T., Huang R., Posnansky O., Schneider F., Tittgemeyer M., Shah N.J. White-mutter abnormalities in Tourette syndrome extend beyond motor pathways. Neuroimage, 2010, vol. 51, pp. 1184–1193.
17. Piacentini J.C. Behavioral treatments for tic suppression: Habit reversal training. Advances in Neurology, 2006, vol. 99, pp. 227–233.
18. Chutko L.S., Surushkina S.Yu. Clinical heterogeneity of attention deficit disorder. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2008, no. 8, pp. 123–131 (in Russ.).
19. Ferrao Y.A., Shavitt R.G., Bedin N.R. et al. Tourette’s syndrome, trichotillomania, and obsessive-compulsive disorder: how closely are they related? Psychiatry Research, 2009, vol. 170 (1), pp. 32–42.
20. Lombroso P.J., Scahill L. Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Dev, Apr, 2008, vol. 30 (4), pp. 231–237.
21. Shavitt R.G., Hounie A.G., Rosário Campos M.C., Miguel E.C. Tourette’s Syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am, Jun, 2006, vol. 29 (2), pp. 471–486.
22. Selling L. The role of infection in the etiology of tics. Arch Neurol Psychiatry, 1992, vol. 22, pp. 1163–1171.
23. Nikiforov A.S. Klinicheskaya nevrologiya: uchebnik. V 3 tomakh. T. 1 [Clinical neurology: textbook. In 3 volumes. Vol. 1]. Meditsina, 2002. 704 p.
24. Jankovic J., Tolosa E. (eds): Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders, 3rd ed. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1998. Pp. 419–452.
25. Goodman W.K., Price L.H., Rasmussen S.A., Mazure C., Delgado P., Heninger G.R. et al. The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1989, vol. 46, rr. 1012–1016.
26. Sowell E.R., Kan E., Yoshii J., Thompson P.M., Bansal R., Xu D. et al. Thinning of sensori-motor cortices in children with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Nat Neurosci, 2008, vol. 11, rr. 637–639.
27. Swanson J.M., Kraemer H.C., Hinshaw S.P., Arnold L.E., Conners C.K., Abikoff H.B. Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: Success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2001, vol. 40, pp. 168–179.
28. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of diagnosed Tourette syndrome in persons aged 6-17years – United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep., 2009. Vol. 58. Rr. 581–585.
29. Burd L., Freeman R.D., Klug M.G., Kerbeshian J. Tourette Syndrome and learning disabilities. BMC Pediatr, 2005, vol. 5, 34 r.
30. Chutko L.S., Surushkina S.Yu. Clinical heterogeneity of attention deficit disorder. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2008, no. 8, pp. 123–131 (in Russ.).
31. Bohlhalter S., Goldfine A., Matteson S., Garraux G., Hanakawa T., Kansaku K. et al. Neural correlates of tic generation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: an event-related functional MRI study. Brain, 2006, vol. 129 (8), pp. 2029–2037.
32. Power J.D., Fair D.A., Schlaggar B.L., Petersen S.E. The development of human functional brain networks. Neuron, 2010, vol. 67, rr. 735–748.
33. Kumar A., Trescher W., Byler D. Syndrome and Comorbid Neuropsychiatric Conditions. Curr Dev Disord Rep, 2016, vol. 3 (4), pp. 217–221.